| Sanborn map | A record kept for insurance purposes that shows, for a specific property, the locations of such items as underground storage tanks (UST), buildings, and areas where chemicals have been used for certain industrial processes. |
| saturated zone | The area beneath the surface of the land in which all pore space is filled with water at greater than atmospheric pressure. |
| semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) | Substances composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms that have boiling points greater than 200( C. Common SVOCs include PCBs and PAHs. |
| sludge | A semisolid residue from air or water treatment processes. |
| slurry | A liquid or emulsion that can be used to deliver chemicals and biological agents to a medium; or, a liquid that is injected into the ground and hardens, preventing the flow of water. See technology descriptions of Slurry Walls and Impermeable Barriers and Bio-Slurry. |
| soil boring | A process by which a soil sample is extracted from the ground for analytical testing. |
| soil gas | Gaseous elements and compounds that occur in the small spaces between particles. |
| soil washing | Soil washing is a treatment technology that uses liquids (usually water, sometimes combined with chemical additives) and a mechanical process to removes hazardous contaminants from soil. See technology description of Soil Washing. |
| solidification and stabilization | The processes of solidifying and stabilizing wastes to immobilize them. See technology description of Solidification/ Stabilization. |
| solute | A substance dissolved in another substance, usually, the component of a solution present in the lesser amount. |
| solvent extraction | A technology that uses a solvent to separate or remove hazardous contaminants from soil. See technology description of Chemical_Extraction. |
| solvent | A substance, usually liquid, that is capable of dissolving another substance to form a solution. |
| sorption | A term describing adherence of chemical substances to particles. It includes either absorption or adsorption. |
| sparge | To introduce air or gas into a liquid and thereby agitate it. |
| stratigraphy | Description of major and minor divisions of surface and subsurface geologic formations. |
| sump | A basin at the lowest point of a drainage system into which water drains in order to be pumped out. |
| Superfund | The common name used for CERCLA. Sites listed on the NPL are called Superfund sites. |
| surface water | All water naturally open to the atmosphere, such as rivers, lakes, reservoirs, streams, and seas. |
| surfactant | Surfactants are surface-active agents, and are the primary ingredient in soap and detergent. See technology description of Surfactant Enhanced Recovery. |
| synthetic | Describing that which is made by synthesis, esp. no of natural origin. |
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